Open port sampling interface

ABSTRACT

A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe which can have an outer probe housing with an open end. A liquid supply conduit within the housing has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust conduit within the housing is provided for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust system can be provided for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate. A droplet dispenser can dispense drops of a sample or a sample-containing solvent into the open end of the housing. A sensor and a processor can be provided to monitor and maintain a liquid dome present at the open end.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/839,453, filed Dec. 12, 2017, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/474,501 filed on Mar. 30, 2017, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,869,661 on Jan. 16, 2018, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/682,837, filed Apr. 9, 2015, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,632,066 on Apr. 25, 2017, and is related to PCT application no. PCT/US16/26709, filed on Apr. 8, 2016, all entitled “OPEN PORT SAMPLING INTERFACE”, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein fully by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to sample analysis systems and methods, and more particularly to sample analysis systems utilizing sampling probes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The proper sampling of sample materials and preparation of such materials for further chemical analysis can present challenges. In the case of mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, for example, the sample must be properly placed into solution prior to entering the analysis device. The sample material can be received in diverse forms such as particulates ejected from a solid sample surface by laser or acoustic ablation, as a solid from puncture sampling devices such as pins, from droplets of sample-bearing solution, from liquid extraction from a surface, and the like. These sample specimens must be processed into an appropriate solution prior to further chemical analysis. This can require additional steps and complicates and prolongs the time required to perform the analysis. Also, the testing can involve multiple or repeated samples and requires these steps to be repeated and the equipment required to place the sample into solution to be washed or replaced repeatedly.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe comprising an outer probe housing with an inner wall and an open end. A liquid supply conduit within the housing has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust conduit within the housing is provided for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit can be provided for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate, the first volumetric flow rate exceeding the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open end will receive sample, liquid containing sample material will be drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from the open end of the probe. The first volumetric flow rate can be at least 5% greater than the second volumetric flow rate. The liquid exhaust system can include a connection for placing the liquid exhaust conduit in liquid communication with a chemical analysis device.

The system can further include an overflow collection system for collecting the overflow liquid from the open end of the probe. The collection system can be a collection container surrounding the outer probe housing. The liquid exhaust system can include a connection for placing the liquid exhaust conduit in liquid communication with a chemical analysis device, and can further include a processor. The processor can receive a signal from a chemical analysis device if a sample of interest is present in in liquid from the liquid exhaust system. The processor can then direct the collection of overflow liquid. The collection system can include a connection for placing overflow liquid collected by the collection system in liquid communication with a chemical analysis device.

A method for sampling a sample material can include the step of providing a probe including an outer probe housing having an inner wall and an open end, a liquid supply conduit within the housing having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, and an exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. A liquid exhaust system can be provided in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit. Liquid is flowed through the liquid supply conduit to deliver liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. Liquid is flowed through the liquid exhaust system at a second volumetric flow rate. The first volumetric flow rate can exceed the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open end will receive sample, liquid containing the sample will be drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from the open end. The first volumetric flow rate can be at least 5% greater than the second volumetric flow rate

The method can further include the step of performing chemical analysis on liquid from the liquid exhaust system. The chemical analysis can be at least one selected from the group consisting of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

The method can include providing a liquid overflow collection system, and further can include the step of collecting overflow liquid with the collection system. Overflow liquid from the collection system can be directed to a chemical analysis device. The method can include the step of performing chemical analysis on liquid from the liquid exhaust system, and if an analyte of interest is detected in the chemical analysis, can further include the step of collecting overflow liquid.

A probe for sampling a sample material can include an outer probe housing having an inner wall and an open end, a liquid supply conduit within the housing and having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, and an exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing. The liquid exhaust conduit can be connectable to a liquid exhaust system for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate. The first volumetric flow rate in a first mode of operation can exceed the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open end will receive sample, liquid containing the sample will be withdrawn from the liquid exhaust conduit, and liquid will overflow from the open end. The probe can further include a collection system for collecting the overflow liquid from the open end of the probe. The collection system can include a container surrounding the outer probe housing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

There are shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred it being understood that the invention is not limited to the arrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the open port end of a probe.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the probe in the first mode of operation.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a second mode of operation.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a third mode of operation.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a fourth mode of operation.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a probe in a fifth mode of operation.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a probe for sampling of a sample material and having an overflow collection system.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system for sampling a sample material.

FIG. 9A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded after touching a fingertip to the open end of the open sampling interface of the probe for 5 s. FIG. 9B shows the averaged and background subtracted full scan mass spectrum obtained from this sampling. Sample and background signals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 9A.

FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C were obtained from the sampling of skin with CUDERM® tape strips from both a coffee drinker and a person that had abstained from coffee and other caffeinated beverages for several days prior to the sampling. FIG. 10A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded after touching a blank tape and the tape that sampled the skin of subject #1 and subject #2 to the sampling interface of the probe for 5 s. FIG. 10B is that chronogram signal extracted from the TIC that is specific for the caffeine metabolite paraxanthine. FIG. 10C is that chronogram signal extracted from the TIC that is specific for caffeine.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show the data from the analysis of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 98.5 wt %) color chip that was prepared containing the oil soluble dye solvent green 28 (0.5 wt %) and ethylene bis (stearamide) (EBS) wax (1.0 wt %). FIG. 11A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded after touching the PET color chip to the sampling interface of the probe for 1 s. FIG. 11B shows the averaged and background subtracted full scan mass spectrum obtained from the first of the two samplings. Sample and background signals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 11A.

FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C show the data obtained by dropping droplets (six replicate droplets for each verapamil concentration) of a liquid solution containing the analyte verapamil (0.01-10 micromolar) and the internal standard propranolol (1.0 micromolar) onto the probe liquid dome. FIG. 12A is the resulting extracted ion current chronogram for propranolol and FIG. 12B is the resulting extracted ion current chronogram for verapamil. The plot of the ratio of the integrated peak area of verapamil to propranol was curve fitted demonstrating quantitative analysis capabilities (FIG. 12C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A system for sampling a sample material includes a probe 20 comprising an outer probe housing 24 with an inner wall 32 and an open end 40. A liquid supply conduit 36 within the housing 24 has an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing. The liquid supply conduit 36 can be connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, as shown by arrow 44. A liquid exhaust flow channel 30 can be defined by a liquid exhaust conduit 28 within the housing and is provided for removing liquid from the open end 40 of the housing 24. A liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit 28 can be provided for removing liquid as shown by arrow 48 from the liquid exhaust flow conduit 28 and flow channel 30 at a second volumetric flow rate, the first volumetric flow rate exceeding the second volumetric flow rate, wherein liquid at the open end 40 will receive sample, liquid containing sample material will be drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit 28, and liquid will overflow from the open end 40. A dome 52 of liquid will be formed when the liquid supply exceeds the liquid exhaust. Liquid not overflowing the open end 40 will transition from the liquid supply conduit 36 to the liquid exhaust conduit 28 as indicated by arrows 56.

Liquid at the open end 40 will receive sample from a sample material. The sample will be captured in the liquid dome 52. Some of the sample will flow with the liquid through the liquid exhaust conduit 28. The liquid exhaust conduit 28 can be connected to a liquid exhaust system which can deliver the sample and solvent to a suitable chemical analysis device, such as a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device or a mass spectrometer.

The particular arrangement of the liquid supply conduit 36 and the liquid exhaust conduit 28 can be varied. In FIG. 1 the liquid exhaust conduit 28 is provided as a tubular conduit positioned with the outer housing 24, and the liquid supply conduit 36 is defined by the annular space between the liquid exhaust conduit 28 and the inner wall 32 of the outer housing 24. The probe can be differently configured, for example by the provision of one or more tubular liquid supply conduits, by one or more differently constructed liquid exhaust conduits, and the like. The number, geometry, size and relative positioning of the liquid supply conduits and the liquid exhaust conduits can vary, so long as a sufficient quantity of liquid can be delivered to the open end and a sufficient quantity of liquid can be removed by the liquid through the probe to produce the dome 52 and overflow condition when desired, and possibly also a no overflow condition.

The dimension of the flow channels can vary. The dimensions of the liquid exhaust flow channel 30, d₁, of the liquid supply conduit 28, d₂, and of the outer diameter of the housing 24, d₃, can all be varied depending on the characteristics of the probe 20 that are desired and the testing to be performed.

The height of the dome 52 will depend on a number of factors including the flow conditions and the solvent. The height of the dome 52 can vary so long as the dome 52 extends beyond the open end 40 of the probe such that sample can be introduced into the probe 20 merely by touching down on the dome 52. The over flow condition in which the liquid supply exceeds the liquid exhaust such that liquid spills over the open end 40 can perform a number of functions. It can allow for the dilution of sample flowing through the liquid exhaust to a desired level, even to the extent of a great excess of liquid overflow. It can perform a cleaning or washing function of the open end 40 of the probe 20. The overflow liquid can also be collected and analyzed separately or recombined in a feedback with the liquid exhaust. It is also possible that the overflow liquid is the primary sample-bearing liquid to be analyzed, and the liquid exhaust is used primarily to control the flow rate of the overflow liquid.

A suitable sensor such as light-based sensor 53 can be used to monitor the dome 52 to establish the correct flow balance. The sensor 53 can provide a signal to a suitable processor which can control valves and the liquid supply and exhaust flow rates.

The first volumetric flow rate can exceed the second volumetric flow rate by any suitable amount. The first volumetric flow rate can be at least 5% greater than the second volumetric flow rate. The first volumetric flow rate can exceed the second volumetric flow rate by several fold, such as 100% or even 1000% if dilution of the sample or cleaning of the open end is desired. The probe can also be operated in a condition where no liquid flows out of the open end. It is also possible that the system could additionally be operated in an underflow condition where the first volumetric flow rate is less than the second volumetric flow rate. Such an operation is disclosed in a copending United States patent application entitled “Capture Probe” and filed on even date herewith, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated by reference.

There is shown in FIG. 2 the probe 20 being operated in a no overflow or low overflow condition. The volumetric flow rate of the liquid supply and the liquid exhaust are balanced such that little or no liquid overflows the open end 40. There is shown in FIG. 3 the probe 20 being operated in the overflow condition. The volumetric flow rate of liquid supply as indicated by arrows 44 sufficiently exceeds the volumetric flow rate of liquid exhaust as indicated by arrows 48 that a substantial flow of liquid overflows the open end 40, as indicated by arrows 60.

There is shown in FIG. 4 a mode of operation wherein an object to be tested such as finger 64 simply touches or in this case completely seals the open end 40. Contact between the object and the solvent will remove sample from the finger, which will flow out of the probe 20 with the liquid exhaust 48 where it can be chemically tested. The probe 20 can return to an overflow condition when the finger is removed to effect cleaning of the open end 40 if desired.

There is shown in FIG. 5 a mode of operation in which the sample 72 is provided on a sample support 68. The sample 72 is removed by any suitable means, wherein it will fall or otherwise move into contact with the dome 52 of liquid at the open end 40 of the probe 20. In one aspect the support can be transparent to a wavelength of laser light 78 such that the transmitted laser beam 78 ablates the some sample from the sample material 72 on the support 68. Other means for removing sample such as acoustic ablation, reflection laser-induced ablation, and heat or other radiant energy are possible. A device for radiating energy such as an acoustic desorption device can be utilized wherein a laser or other energy imparting device is used to generate an acoustic wave which travels through the sample support to impart energy to the sample and eject sample from the sample material. The acoustic desorption can be laser induced acoustic desorption. The invention can be used with other means for ejecting sample material from the sample to the probe. The sample material can be particulates which are ejected into or fall into the probe, or airborne and diffuse to the probe or are guided to the probe by a guiding gas flow.

Any suitable means for delivering sample to the liquid dome 52 are possible. There is shown in FIG. 6, for example an embodiment wherein a droplet dispenser 84 supplies droplets 88 of sample or sample-containing solvent to the dome 52 of the probe 20. The droplet dispenser can also inject sample directly into the solvent dome of the probe. Alternatively a sample 96 can be provided on a sample pin 92 which can be introduced into the solvent dome 52.

The position of the liquid exhaust conduit and the liquid overflow can vary. The position of the liquid exhaust conduit 28 within the outer housing 24 can be used as another variable to control the performance of the probe 20 and the system. In general, the lower the position of the exhaust conduit the greater the extent of sample dilution and the longer the wash through time for a sample.

The system can further include an overflow collection system for collecting the overflow liquid from the open end of the probe, as shown in FIG. 7. The collection system can be a collection container 100 surrounding the outer housing of the probe 20. The collection container 100 has an open end 104 by which overflow liquid can flow into the collection container 100. The collection container 100 can be formed in any suitable fashion, size, shape, or material. In the embodiment shown, the collection container 100 is formed in a base 120 to which the probe 20 is mounted. The collection container 100 can communicate with a conduit 112 providing a liquid flow path 108 for removing overflow liquid from the container 100. The conduit 112 can be secured to the base 120 by a suitable fitting 116. A support 168 for the base 120 can be provided.

The system can deliver to and remove solvent from the probe 20 by any suitable means. A liquid intake line 140 receives liquid from a suitable source such as a container or a liquid supply line. A pump such as an HPLC pump (not shown) can be used to meter solvent flow into the probe 20. The liquid can be any suitable solvent for the sample material, such as water, methanol or acetonitrile. Other solvents are possible. A T-connection 128 can include a fitting 132 to engage the probe 20 and make a fluid connection with fitting 136 and between the liquid supply line 140 and the liquid supply conduit 36. A fitting 144 can make a connection between the liquid exhaust conduit 28 and the liquid exhaust line 148. The exhaust line 148 can be connected to inlet 160 of a chemical analysis device such as a mass spectrometer as by a fitting 152. The probe 20 can be connected to the base 120 by any suitable structure such as fitting 154, bushing 156, and securing nut 158. Other connection materials and methods are possible.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system 180 for sampling a surface. The system 180 can have a sample analysis area 188 including the probe 20, fitting 128 and line 160 to deliver liquid exhaust to a chemical analysis device. A source of radiant energy such as laser 200 can be provided if the means for delivering sample to the probe is laser ablation. If not another suitable device for delivering sample to the probe 20 such as an acoustic ablation device, a droplet dispenser or any suitable device can be used. The system 180 can have other features. A 90 degree prism 204 can be provided to direct the laser beam through a microscope objective 230. A light source 220 can be provided. A video monitor 212 can be provided and can be connected to a display 216. A mass spectrometer 192 or other chemical analysis device can be provided and can have a monitor 196 and a suitable control 244 such as a joystick, processor or other control device.

A processor can be provided to control operation of the device, and particularly the flow rates of the liquid supply, liquid exhaust and overflow as desired. The processor can also control the operation of the sample-supplying device such as the laser 200. The processor can receive sensor signals and provide control signals to suitable valves and control circuitry to control operation of these devices and the system in general. The processor can receive a signal from a chemical analysis device if a sample of interest is present in the liquid from the liquid exhaust system. The processor can then direct the collection of overflow liquid. The collection system can include a connection for placing overflow liquid collected by the collection system in liquid communication with a chemical analysis device.

The method can further include the step of performing chemical analysis on liquid from the liquid exhaust system. The chemical analysis can be at least one selected from the group consisting of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analytical instrument for example can be any instrument utilized for analyzing analyte solutions. Exemplary analytical instruments include, but are not limited to, mass spectrometers, ionization sources, spectroscopy devices, separation methods, and combinations thereof. Exemplary ionization sources include, but are not limited to electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electrospray chemical ionization (ESCi), atmospheric pressure photo-ionization (APPI) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Exemplary separation methods include, but are not limited to liquid chromatography, solid phase extraction, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis, or any other liquid phase sample cleanup or separation process. Exemplary mass spectrometers include, but are not limited to, sector time-of-flight, quadrupole mass filter three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap, linear quadrupole ion trap, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance orbitrap and toroidal ion trap.

FIG. 9A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded after touching a fingertip to the solvent interface dome at the open end of the probe for 5 s. The rise and fall in signal between 0.20 minutes and 0.35 minutes is due to the material from the fingered extracted from and sampled into the exhaust conduit of the probe and on to the analysis device in this case a time of flight mass spectrometer using negative ion mode APCI. The probe was operated with 350 μL/min methanol in overflow mode. FIG. 9B shows the averaged and background subtracted full scan mass spectrum obtained from this sampling. Sample and background signals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 9A. The main peaks in the spectrum area identified as the most abundant fatty acids known to be present in skin, viz., myristoleic acid (m/z 225), myristic acid (m/z 227), palmitoleic acid (m/z 253), palmitic acid (m/z 255), linoleic acid (m/z 279) and oleic acid (m/z 281).

The data of FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C were obtained from the sampling of skin with CUDERM® tape strips from both a coffee drinker and a person that had abstained from coffee and other caffeinated beverages for several days prior to the sampling. FIG. 10A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded after touching a blank tape and the tape that sampled the skin of subject #1 and subject #2 to the solvent dome at the open end of the probe for 5 s. The rise and fall in signal for each sampling is due to the material from the tape being extracted from and sampled into the exhaust conduit of the probe and on to the analysis device in this case a time of flight mass spectrometer using positive ion mode APCI. The probe was operated with 350 μL/min methanol in overflow mode. FIG. 10B is that chronogram signal extracted from the TIC that is specific for the caffeine metabolite paraxanthine. FIG. 10C is that chronogram signal extracted from the TIC that is specific for caffeine. The presence of caffeine and related product paraxanthine is clearly evident for subject #1, the known coffee drinker, and was about 3 orders of magnitude lower in the sample from subject #2 who abstained from consuming caffeine for several days prior to the sampling.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show the data from the analysis of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 98.5 wt %) color chip that was prepared containing the oil soluble dye solvent green 28 (0.5 wt %) and ethylene bis (stearamide) (EBS) wax (1.0 wt %). FIG.11A is the total ion current (TIC) chronogram recorded after touching the PET color chip to the solvent dome at the open end of the probe for 1 s. The rise and fall in signal for each of two samplings is due to the material from the plastic being dissolved and extracted from and sampled into the exhaust conduit of the probe and on to the analysis device in this case a time of flight mass spectrometer using positive ion mode APCI. The probe was operated with 350 μL/min methanol/chloroform (1/1 v/v) in overflow mode. FIG. 11B shows the averaged and background subtracted full scan mass spectrum obtained from the first of the two samplings. Sample and background signals are indicated by the greyed areas in FIG. 11A. The main peaks in the spectrum area are identified as components of the PET (PET dimer-(CH₂)₂O at m/z 338 and a PET trimer at m/z 577) and the known additives solvent green 28 ((M+H)⁺ at m/z 535) and EBS wax peaks at m/z 538, 566 and 594.

FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C show the data obtained by dropping droplets (six replicate droplets for each verapamil concentration) of a liquid solution containing the analyte verapamil (0.01-10 micromolar) and the internal standard propranolol (1.0 micromolar) onto the probe liquid dome. FIG. 12A is the resulting extracted ion current chronogram for propranolol and FIG. 12B is the resulting extracted ion current chronogram for verapamil. The rise and fall in signal for each compound is due to the sampling of a portion of the droplet into the exhaust conduit of the probe and on to the analysis device in this case a time of flight mass spectrometer using positive ion mode ESI. The probe was operated with 800 μL/min methanol in overflow mode. The ion current for the internal standard was constant as expected while the ion current for the verapamil increased as the concentration of this compound in the droplets analyzed increased. The plot of the ratio of the integrated peak area of verapamil to propranol was curve fitted demonstrating quantitative analysis capabilities (FIG. 12C).

The system of the invention permits sampling by direct extraction by touching a surface onto the probe or liquid dome, by transfer of solid or liquid samples into the solvent dome or by capture of ablated material into the solvent dome. The probe volume in the dome provides for analyte dilution and extended analysis time. The volume of the dome will change with solvent composition and surface tension and with the relative positions of the liquid supply and exhaust conduits. The dome insures very effective transfer of sample material into the probe.

Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in the range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3 and 6. This applies regardless of the bread of the range.

This invention can be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and accordingly, reference should be had to the following claims to determine the scope of the invention. 

I claim:
 1. A system for sampling droplets, comprising: a probe comprising an outer probe housing having an open end; a liquid supply conduit within the housing and having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing, the liquid supply conduit being connectable to a liquid supply for delivering liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing, and a liquid exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the open end of the housing; a liquid exhaust system in fluid connection with the liquid exhaust conduit for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit at a second volumetric flow rate; a droplet dispenser that dispenses drops of a sample or a sample-containing solvent into the liquid at the open end of the housing; wherein during operation of the system, the open end receives liquid from the liquid supply conduit at the first volumetric flow rate, the open end receives the drops from the droplet dispenser into the liquid, and the liquid containing the drops is drawn into and through the liquid exhaust conduit at the second volumetric flow rate.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein during operation of the system the first volumetric flow rate exceeds the second volumetric flow rate.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate are balanced.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the liquid exhaust conduit comprises a tubular conduit positioned within the outer probe housing, and the liquid supply conduit is defined by the annular space between the liquid exhaust conduit and an inner wall of the outer probe housing.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the droplet dispenser injects the sample or the sample-containing solvent into the open end.
 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the system further comprises a chemical analysis device connected to the liquid exhaust conduit.
 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the chemical analysis device comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of mass spectrometers, ionization sources, spectroscopy devices, separation methods, and combinations thereof.
 8. A method for sampling droplets, comprising: providing a probe including an outer probe housing having an inner wall and an open end; providing a liquid supply conduit within the housing having an outlet positioned to deliver liquid to the open end of the housing; providing an exhaust conduit within the housing for removing liquid from the liquid exhaust conduit; providing a droplet dispenser; flowing liquid through the liquid supply conduit to deliver liquid at a first volumetric flow rate to the open end of the housing and flowing liquid through the exhaust supply conduit at a second volumetric flow rate; dispensing a droplet from the droplet dispenser into the liquid at the open end.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the first volumetric flow rate exceeds the second volumetric flow rate.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising providing an overflow collection system that collects overflow from the open end.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the liquid forms a dome at the open end.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate are balanced.
 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the droplet dispenser injects the droplet into the liquid at the open end.
 14. The method of claim 8 further comprising providing a chemical analysis device that is connected to the liquid exhaust conduit.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the chemical analysis device comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of mass spectrometers, ionization sources, spectroscopy devices, separation methods, and combinations thereof.
 16. The method of claim 8 wherein the liquid exhaust conduit comprises a tubular conduit positioned within the outer probe housing, and the liquid supply conduit is defined by the annular space between the liquid exhaust conduit and an inner wall of the outer probe housing. 